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Portable systems capable of measuring mass exhaust emissions while riding on-board vehicles and mobile equipment are relatively new. Their advantages include lower measurement costs, the ability to measure emissions under realistic operating conditions (including conditions that are difficult to simulate in the laboratory), the ability to measure emissions where no traditional laboratory is available, and applicability to a broader range of engines and vehicles than those addressed by traditional laboratory methods (e.g. construction machinery). However, on-board methods have not yet been fully accepted in the air quality community. This is due in part to concerns over their reproducibility and accuracy, and the adequacy of the corresponding quality assurance and quality control measures.