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Gaseous compounds, particle number and size distribution measurements on a gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle and a port fuel injection (PFI) vehicle were conducted over the U.S. Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) and US06 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (US06) on Tier 2 certification gasoline (E0) and a 10% by volume ethanol (E10). Overall the GDI test vehicle was observed to have lower fuel consumption than the PFI test vehicle by 6% and 3% for the FTP-75 and US06 drive cycles, respectively. When using E10, this GDI vehicle had a better fuel consumption than the PFI vehicle by 7% and 5% for the FTP-75 and US06 drive cycles, respectively. For particle emissions, the solid particle number emission rates for the GDI, equipped with a 3-way catalyst in its original equipment manufacturer configuration (i.e., stock GDI), were 10 and 31 times higher than the PFI vehicle for the FTP-75 and US06 drive cycles, respectively.

Gaseous and particle emissions from a gasoline direct injection (GDI) and a port fuel injection (PFI) vehicle were measured at various ambient temperatures (22°C, -7°C, -18°C). These vehicles were driven over the U.S. Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) and US06 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (US06) on Tier 2 certification gasoline (E0) and 10% by volume ethanol (E10). Emissions were analyzed to determine the impact of ambient temperature on exhaust emissions over different driving conditions. Measurements on the GDI vehicle with a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) installed were also made to evaluate the GPF particle filtration efficiency at cold ambient temperatures. The GDI vehicle was found to have better fuel economy than the PFI vehicle at all test conditions. Reduction in ambient temperature increased the fuel consumption for both vehicles, with a much larger impact on the cold-start FTP-75 drive cycle observed than for the hot-start US06 drive cycle.