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An increasing concern has been growing in the last years toward health effects due to Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. This triggered the widespread diffusion of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs), which equip almost every Diesel car and truck on the market, allowing to get large reduction (in the order of 95% and more) in terms of PM mass. However, PM health effects are believed to be more related to particle number rather than to particle mass. This gave rise in Europe to new regulations for passenger cars on total particle number, that will be introduced from EURO6 on. Engine/Exhaust-System assembly is therefore under investigation, to better understand the effectiveness of aftertreatment components toward particle number reduction, especially by varying engine and exhaust-system design/operating conditions, and to compare particle number emissions to particle mass emissions.