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The EU Commission has decided to establish a regulatory type test approval method for the guarantee of initial leak tightness of R-134a MAC systems in Europe. This method of test will be applicable as of July 2007. In order to establish the method of test the European Association of Car Manufacturers (ACEA) has launched a study for the development of a technically-sound method. The Center for Energy and Processes has carried out the study at three levels: a fleet tests of 40 vehicles, laboratory tests on 40 MAC systems identical to the ones installed on the fleet cars, and tests of 160 components. The paper describes the charge and recovery method in order to guarantee a precision of recovery of 0/-1 g for the fleet of vehicles. Results of the fleet tests show that the average emission level is of 10 g/yr. The paper describes also the laboratory method of test based on the measurement of the R-134a concentration inside mini-sheds using infrared techniques.

What will the passenger car fleet look like over the next two decades' As most expected, affordability and convenience are the major drivers of new vehicle technology penetration into the market. Within this scope, vehicle electrification strategy to limit oil dependence and meet the European targets for CO₂ emissions should be cost-effective and convenient to the buyer. This paper will focus first, through different economic models, on the penetration of passenger electrified vehicles (Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles PHVs and Electric Vehicles EVs) in Europe (EU15: 15 European Union member countries) up to 2030. Economic models are based on real-world-use behaviors and driving patterns in order to compute fuel and energy consumption and to estimate total cost of the vehicle including incentives. The economic models use household wages in order to later make conclusions on vehicle technology market shares by vehicle classes.