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“Zero Emission Vehicles” in the form of pure electric vehicles are quite feasible and useful for limited cruising ranges. However, market success depends on customer acceptance. Studies show, that customers expect electric vehicles with driving performance similar to conventional vehicles while comparable cruising ranges should be available at low additional cost. With currently available batteries using lithium ion technology a gravimetric energy density of only one percent of the energy density of gasoline or diesel can be reached. With respect to acceptable additional costs this effect leads to significant reduction of the cruising range. For various reasons such as battery aging, demand for heating, traffic jams, etc., this already decreased cruising range is further reduced. In such cases electrical energy can be generated with a demand oriented (down-) sized combustion engine, a so called “Range Extender”.

According to the ISO 16183 [1] protocol for heavy-duty diesel engines, particulate matter can be determined using a partial flow dilution system (PFDS). In order to control a PFDS, it is necessary to know the exact exhaust gas mass flow rate at the sample probe of the system at any given time. For the purpose of operating a PFDS with online control, a transformation time for the entire system (exhaust mass flow determination and partial flow adjustment) of equal or less than 300 ms is specified. In order to minimize the dynamic requirements for the PFDS a fast determination of the exhaust flow rate is necessary, which can be achieved most easily by using the intake flows (air + fuel flow) into the engine. This paper reports on the development and testing of an intake flow based model for calculating real time exhaust flow rate that accounts for the influence of the filling and emptying of the manifolds of a turbocharged diesel engine during dynamic operation.

This paper reports on the development and testing of a compact and mobile CVS system for the measurement of particulate matter emissions of diesel passenger cars. It consists of the same components as a conventional CVS system but needs much less space. Reducing the size of the CVS system was achieved by the optimization of the turbulent flow in the dilution tunnel by the use of an optimized mixing chamber, in which the engine exhaust gas is diluted with filtered ambient air. The measures taken to improve the turbulence in the dilution tunnel lead to the same effect as a tunnel with dimensions according to the legislative regulations. All the components of the mobile CVS system are arranged in a very compact design, so that the new system has a size of only about (1.70 x 0.80 x 2.10) m. Due to the mobility which is possible with such a design, the new system can be quickly adapted to different engine and vehicle test cells for passenger cars.