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Due to the global drive for carbon neutrality, passenger vehicle gasoline engines are transitioning to higher levels of electrification, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, HEVs and PHEVs. Compared with conventional internal combustion, ICE only operation, the combustion engine in a HEV or PHEV typically operates for shorter periods. In turn the engine coolant and lubricant temperatures are often lower. Such cooler engine running is particularly noticeable for a variety of conditions including short journeys in charge-sustaining mode, urban motoring, a journey length towards the end of the electric range, at cold ambient temperatures, or a combination of these conditions. All C-type piston rings allow limited combustion gases to escape through the ring end-gap.

Due to the global drive for carbon neutrality, passenger vehicle gasoline engines are transitioning to higher levels of electrification, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, HEVs and PHEVs. Compared with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the HEV or PHEV engine whilst in ICE only operation, typically operates for multiple shorter periods, in turn the engine coolant and lubricant temperatures are lower. Conventional internal combustion engines are often able to yield valuable fuel economy benefits by selecting appropriate engine lubricating oils, typically employing reduced viscosity and suitable additives. There are commercial engine tests available for measurement, often in an engine test cell for precision. Steady state testing is also a simplified option. Such efforts require care, as the accurate measurement is technically and practically challenging.