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This paper focuses onto mixture formation issues of the Directstart of a gasoline direct injection engine. Regarding the starterless Directstart, i.e. an engine start through targeted injection and ignition timing without the help of an electrical starter, engine tests show that there exists a large room for improvements by attending the mixture formation of the first combustion. The conditions for the first combustion are very unusual: ambient pressure, nearly the same fuel, engine and charge temperature, no piston movement and only spray induced turbulence. Furthermore, engine tests show that the mixture formation changes with the engine temperature. This paper analyzes the mixture formation of the first combustion for different engine conditions by means of engine measurements and both optical measurements in a spray chamber and simulations performed by the fast response 3D-CFD-Tool QuickSim of IVK/FKFS.

The new CO2 and emissions limits imposed to European manufacturers require the adoption of different innovative solutions, such as the use of potentially CO2-neutral synthetic fuels alongside a tailored development of the internal combustion engine, as an excellent solution to accompany the hybridization of vehicles. Dr.Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG and FKFS, already partners for the development of engines with eFuels, propose a new study carried out on a research engine, investigating the combination of Porsche synthetic gasoline (POSYN) with an engine with millerization and passive pre-chamber. The use of CO2-neutral fuels allow for an immediate reduction in CO2 emissions from all cars already on the market, particularly since Porsche is one of the manufacturers whose cars remain in use for the longest time. The data collected on a single-cylinder engine test bench, for different fuels, with conventional spark plug are used as input for the calibration of 3D-CFD simulations.

The engine development process has been enhanced significantly by virtual engineering methods during the last decades. In terms of in-cylinder flow field, charge flow and combustion modelling, 3D-CFD (three dimensional) simulations enable detailed analysis and extended investigations in order to gain additional knowledge about design parameters. However, the computational time of the 3D-CFD is an obvious drawback that prevents a reasonable application for extensive analysis with varying speed, load and transient conditions. State-of-the-art 0D (zero dimensional) approaches close the gap between the demand of high computational efficiency and a satisfying accordance with experimental data. Recent improvements of phenomenological combustion approaches for gasoline spark ignition engines deal with the consideration of detailed flow parameters, the accuracy of the laminar flame speed calculation and the prediction of the knock limit.