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Lean burn natural gas engines have high potential in terms of efficiency and NOx emissions in comparison with stoichiometric natural gas engines, and much lower particulate emissions than diesel engines. They are a promising solution to meet the increasingly stringent exhaust emission targets for both light and heavy-duty engines. Partially Stratified-Charge (PSC) is a novel concept which was conceived by prof. Evans (University of British Columbia, Vancouver). This technique allows to further limit pollutant emissions and improve efficiency of an otherwise standard spark-ignition engine fuelled by natural gas, operating with lean air-fuel ratio. The potential of the PSC technique lies in the control of load without throttling by further extending the lean flammability limit.

Conversion from diesel to dual fuel (diesel and natural gas) operation may represent an attractive retrofit technique to get a better PM-NOx trade-off in a diesel engine, with no major modifications of the original design. In the proposed paper, an Euro 2 heavy duty diesel engine, converted for dual fuelling, has been studied and tested to reduce pollutant emissions. Throttled stoichiometric with EGR and lean burn technologies have been selected as control strategies. A mixed experimental-numerical approach has been utilized to analyze the engine behavior by varying key operating conditions such as throttling, natural gas/diesel oil percentage and EGR. The model, based on a 3D approach, has been used mainly to understand the evolution of the distribution of the most important parameters in the combustion chamber.

The use of Compressed Natural Gas as an alternative fuel in urban transportation is nearly established and represents an efficient short and medium term solution to face with urban air pollution. However, in order to completely exploit its potential, the engine needs to be specifically designed to operate with this fuel. In the latest years, the authors have investigated the performances of a Heavy Duty Turbocharged CNG fuelled engine both experimentally and by using some analytical tools specifically developed by them which have been used for the engine optimisation. In the present paper the simulation approach has been enlarged by means of a co-operative use of a CFD code and experimental analysis on the actual engine. The numerical simulation of combustion process has, in fact, been used, to interpret series of pressure cycles, aiming to analyse how cyclic fluctuations influence engine behaviour in terms of combustion efficiency and temperature and pollutant distribution.

The use of Polymeric Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) based power trains as a substitute of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) in transportation has been demonstrated but still requires both technical development of components and their integration in the system. One of the major technical challenges for automotive application is the system response during rapid variations of operative conditions, which is one of the most significant elements concurring in determining the vehicle drivability (i.e. the power train capability to allow rapid transient phenomena). The power train response under transient conditions depends on the combined action of all the system components performances. This behaviour is still more complicated when hydrogen has to be produced on board and the reformer response has to be taken into account.

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) numerical study of the Partially Stratified Charge (PSC) combustion process is here proposed, carried out with the open Source code OpenFOAM, in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC). The solver has already been validated in previous papers versus experimental data under a limited range of operating conditions. The operating conditions domain for the model validation is extended in this paper, mostly by varying equivalence ratio, to better highlight the influence of turbulence on flame front propagation. Effects of grid sizing are also shown, to better emphasize the trade-off between the level of accuracy of turbulent vortex description, and their impact on the kinematics of flame propagation. Results show the validity of the approach that is evident by comparing numerical and experimental data.

Using natural gas in internal combustion engines (ICEs) is emerging as a promising strategy to improve thermal efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions. One of the main benefits related to the use of this fuel is that the engine can be run with lean mixtures without compromising its performances. However, as the mixture is leaned out beyond the Lean Misfire Limit (LML), several technical problems are more likely to occur. The flame propagation speed gradually decreases, leading to a slower heat release and a low combustion quality, thus increasing the occurrence of misfiring and incomplete combustions. This in turn results in a sharp increment in CO and UHC emissions, as well as in cycle-to-cycle variability. In order to limit the above-mentioned problems, different solutions have been proposed over the last decade.

The use of biodiesel has been widely accepted as an effective solution to reduce greenhouse emissions. The high potential of biodiesel in terms of PM emission reduction may represent an additional motivation for its wide use. This potential is related to the oxygenated nature of biodiesel, as well as its lower PAH and S, which leads, in general, to lower PM emissions as well as equal or slightly higher NOx emissions. According to these observations a different behavior of the Aftertreatment System (AS), especially as far as control issues of the Diesel Particulate Filter are concerned is also expected. The competition with the food sector is currently under debate, thus, besides second generation biofuels (e.g. from algae), the transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is another option, however needing further insight.

The use of biodiesels is an effective way to limit greenhouse emissions and partly limit the dependence on fossil primary sources. Biodiesel fuels also show interesting features in terms of PM-NOx emissions trade-off that appears more favorable toward an optimized control of the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). In fact, the DPF, which is the assessed aftertreatment technology to reduce PM emissions below the limits, suffers from fuel consumption penalization or excessive exhaust system backpressure, as a function of the frequency of the regeneration process. On the other side, issues such as the impact of the higher ash content of biodiesel on the DPF performance have also to be better understood. In the given scenario, an experimental study on a DEUTZ 4L off-road Diesel engine coupled to a DOC-DPF (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst-Diesel Particulate Filter) system is proposed in this paper.

Ultra lean-burn natural gas engines offer the potential for lower emissions and higher efficiency than conventional SI engines. Combustion instabilities near the lean limit can be addressed by partially stratifying the in-cylinder charge. The Partially Stratified Charge (PSC) approach involves micro-direct-injection of pure fuel, or a fuel-air mixture, to create a rich zone in the region of the spark-plug. This has been demonstrated to improve combustion in an ultra-lean bulk mixture. An experimental premixing apparatus was devised to investigate the effect of changing the stoichiometry of the micro-direct-injected charge. In conjunction, a numerical methodology was used as an aid to understanding the complex in-cylinder processes. Although rich premixed micro-injection improved engine performance over the homogeneous case, the fastest heat release rate was found to occur with a pure fuel PSC charge.

The aim of this work is to carry out statistical analyses on simulated results obtained from large eddy simulations (LES) to characterize spark-ignited combustion process in a partially premixed natural gas mixture in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). Inhomogeneity in fuel concentration was introduced through a fuel jet comprising up to 0.6 per cent of the total fuel mass, in the vicinity of the spark ignition gap. The numerical data were validated against experimental measurements, in particular, in terms of jet penetration and spread, flame front propagation and overall pressure trace. Perturbations in key flow parameters, namely inlet velocity, initial velocity field, and turbulent kinetic energy, were also introduced to evaluate their influence on the combustion event. A total of 12 simulations were conducted.

The aim of this work is to assess the accuracy of results obtained from Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of a partially-premixed natural gas spark-ignition combustion process in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC). To this aim, the results are compared with the experimental data gathered at the University of British Columbia. The computed results show good agreement with both flame front visualization and pressure rise curves, allowing for drawing important statements about the peculiarities of the Partially Stratified Combustion ignition concept and its benefits in ultra-lean combustion processes.