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Over the last decades, heavy duty diesel engines have experienced many changes in design and operation. More stringent emission legislation has been a driver for changes in the design of heavy duty diesel engines since the 1980s. Optimization of the combustion process and the introduction of exhaust gas recirculation allowed for significant reductions of exhaust emission levels over the years, but the thermal loading of the engine and its lubricant has increased. In the coming years, diesel engines will have to meet even more stringent requirements for particulate matter and nitrogen oxide emissions. These low emission diesel engines are expected to be equipped with exhaust gas after-treatment systems.