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A theoretical analysis of the cornering behaviour of vehicles with locked differential is presented in this paper. In particular, attention is focused on karts, which, being characterised by the lack of any differential and suspension system, show a peculiar dynamic behaviour. A linear model for cornering dynamics is obtained in the first part of the paper: the yaw equilibrium is affected by the absence of the differential, since the longitudinal forces acting on the rear tyres are no longer equal. The steady state behaviour and the handling stability are then investigated using the developed model and discussed in comparison with those of an ordinary vehicle. The understeer gradient is shown to be a function of a steering parameter, such as, for example, the longitudinal speed, in addition to the lateral acceleration; as a consequence, the handling diagram is dependent on the manoeuvres used to obtain it.

This paper deals with the analysis of the handling behaviour of a novel three-wheeled motorcycle. This vehicle has two front steering wheels and a single rear wheel and can be driven much like a common two wheeler. In order to analyse the handling behaviour of such vehicle and to compare it to an ordinary two wheeler, an experimental campaign was conducted with the vehicle endowed with several transducers. Experimental tests included some classical handling manoeuvres. Concurrently, a simulation model was developed using a multi-body code. A simple logic was employed to drive the model; it consists in a roll follower and a longitudinal velocity follower. The main dynamic parameters obtained from simulations, such as the steering angle and steering torque are compared to the experimental data and discussed. The effect of the driving style on the manoeuvre is also analysed with reference to steering pad manoeuvres.