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Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) safety application research based on short range real-time communication has been researched for over a decade. Examples of V2V applications include Electronic Emergency Brake Light, Do Not Pass Warning, Lane Departure Warning, and Intersection Movement Assist. It is hoped that these applications, whether present as warning or intervention, will help reduce the incidence of traffic collisions, fatalities, injuries, and property damage. The safety benefits of these applications will likely depend on many factors, such as usability, market penetration, driver acceptance, and reliability. Some applications, such as DNPW and IMA, require a longer communication range to be effective. In addition, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) may be required to communicate without direct line of sight. The signal needs to overcome shadowing effects of other vehicles and buildings that are in the way.