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Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) named NExBTL is a 2nd generation renewable diesel fuel made by a refinery-based process converting vegetable oils to paraffins. Also animal fats are suitable for feedstocks. Properties of this non-ester type biobased fuel are very similar to GTL. It contains no sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen or aromatics. Cetane number is very high (∼90). Cloud point can be adjusted by severity of the process from -5 to -30°C, heating value is similar to diesel fuel, storage stability is good, and water solubility is low. Emissions of two heavy duty engines and two city buses are presented with HVO and sulfur free EN 590 diesel fuel. The effect of HVO on regulated emissions compared to EN 590 fuel was: NOx -7 % … -14 % PM -28 % … -46 % CO -5 % … -78 % HC 0 % … -48 % Aldehydes, PAHs, mutagenicity and particulate size were also measured.

In this study the exhaust gas ammonia (NH3) concentrations from different exhaust sources were measured with an ammonia sensor. The aim of the study was to verify whether an NH3 sensor has the potential to be used for monitoring and control purposes for SCR systems. Measurements were performed in laboratory and field conditions and comparison was made between Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Laser Diode Spectrometer (LDS) measurement techniques. With heavy-duty vehicles, a comparison between an LDS, FTIR and NH3 sensor was performed on a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer. Measurements were performed at steady speeds using a World Harmonized Vehicle Cycle (WHVC) and Braunschweig test cycles. The urea injection rate for the SCR system was varied to generate different ammonia levels in the exhaust gas. NH3 measurements with FTIR and NH3 sensor were performed on large cruise ships using heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine gas oil (MGO) as fuels.