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For manual transmissions, including the automated types, reduced shifting effort and easy of gear set engagements in a short period of time without rattles and shakes are major requirements for the shift quality evaluations. Performance of the synchronizer mechanisms depends highly on the design, material and arrangement of the transmission synchronization components; thus, the synchronization process is a mechanical and tribological process which is influenced by numerous design parameters of the synchronizers, constraints and properties of the lubricated contacts. In this study, a detailed multi-body-dynamics model for a HCV (Heavy Commercial Vehicle) transmission gearset is presented; various synchronization simulations are performed and the results are compared with the objective shift quality measurements. The developed model yields total synchronization and engagement time based on the applied gear shifting effort.

A timing drive model was developed based on computer-aided simulation methods and used to calculate the contribution of each system component to the overall timing drive friction loss at various engine operating conditions. Combining the analytical results and statistical methods, an optimization study was performed to calculate the ideal system design parameters such as hydraulic tensioner spring force and flow rate, sprocket tooth profiles and circularity, and oil supply pressure. The simulation results revealed that while the plastic guide - timing chain friction is responsible for the most part of the frictional losses, the contribution of timing chain friction increases with increasing speed. It was found that the tensioner guide is the key element in the guiding system that causes friction losses. Furthermore, tensioner spring force and engine oil pressure were identified as major design parameters that influence the efficiency of the timing drive.