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The cooling of equipment and products is an integral part of many manufacturing processes. This paper describes typical process cooling systems used in manufacturing and the approximate cost of cooling for each system. The paper then describes the inside out approach to energy efficiency, which recommends sequential evaluation of end use, distribution and primary energy conversion systems, as it relates to process cooling. General methods for improving the energy efficiency of cooling processes, organized according to the inside-out approach, are described. These methods include adding insulation and heat exchangers, improving process control, avoiding mixing, employing variable-speed and low friction pumping systems, and using cooling towers in place of chillers. The fundamental equations for estimating savings, and examples, are presented for these methods.