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Main aim of this paper was to exploit the well-known Willans line method in a twofold manner: indeed, beyond the usual identification of Willans line parameters to enable internal combustion engine scaling, it is also proposed to infer further information from identified parameters and correlations, particularly aiming at characterizing mechanical and frictional losses of different engine technologies. The above objectives were pursued relying on extended experimental performance data, which were gathered on different engine families, including turbo-charged Diesel and naturally aspirated gasoline engines. The matching between Willans line scaled performance and experimental ones was extensively tested, thus allowing to reliably proceed to the subsequent objective of characterizing mechanical losses on the basis of identified Willans parameters.

In the last years the automotive industry has been involved in the development and implementation of CO2 reducing concepts such as the engines downsizing, stop/start systems as well as more costly full hybrid solutions and, more recently, waste heat recovery technologies. These latter include ThermoElectric Generator (TEG), Rankine cycle and Electric Turbo Compound (ETC) that have been practically implemented on few heavy-duty application but have not been proved yet as effective and affordable solutions for the automotive industry. The paper deals with the analysis of opportunities and challenges of the Electric Turbo Compound for automotive light-duty engines. In the ETC concept the turbine-compressor shaft is connected to an electric machine, which can work either as generator or motor. In the former case the power can satisfy the vehicle electrical demand to drive the auxiliaries or stored in the batteries.