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Cavitation is the major cause of the effective flow area reduction in fuel nozzles, together with mechanical damage, which leads to an increase of pressure losses. This paper describes the effect of different geometries along the fuel nozzle holes simulated with OpenFOAM® to control the cavitation and shape of the fuel jet. Previous work has only focused on the development trend towards conical spray holes that tapers towards the outlet with a strong rounded inlet edge, to increase the static pressure and thus reduce the cavitation tendency in nozzles; however, the jet forms a very narrow cone angle. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of constricted, expanded and gradually wider nozzles holes. The simulation reveals that the cavitation level can be changed and controlled depending on the geometry of the nozzle holes, the wider the inlet, the less is the cavitation; at the same time, the narrower the outlet, the better is the fuel atomization.

The use of alternative fuels consisting of mineral and synthetic waste substances such as recycled lubricating oil blended with diesel is a measure to mitigate the environmental impact of the fossil fuels. However, to inject these fuel blends into contemporary engines without changes to their components, it must maintain or improve the fuel injection characteristics compared to neat diesel, in order to maintain or improve the engine performance. In the present research, the spray parameters of injected fuel, such as length, angle and atomization particle diameter in terms of the Sauter mean diameter (SMD), are modeled depending on the characterization of different concentration of the recycled lubricating oil blended with diesel.