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Exhaust noise from engines is one of component noise pollution to the environment. Exhaust systems are developed to attenuate noise meeting required db (a) levels and sound quality, emissions based on environment norms. Hence this has become an important area of research and development. Most of the advances in theory of acoustic filters and exhaust mufflers have been developed in last two decades. Mufflers are important part of engine system and commonly used in exhaust system to minimize sound transmissions caused by exhaust gases. Design of mufflers is a complex function that affects noise characteristics, emission and fuel efficiency of engine. Therefore muffler design becomes more and more important for noise reduction. Traditionally, muffler design has been an iterative process by trial and error. However, the theories and science that has undergone development in recent years has given a way for an engineer to cut short number of iteration.

Transfer function measurements are the basis for construction of conventional test based source-path-receiver model of a vehicle. Interior noise of a vehicle can be synthesized using source excitation (both acceleration at source and near source sound pressure level) and its corresponding transfer function (Vibro-Acoustic Transfer Function (VATF) and Acoustic Transfer Function (ATF) respectively) to the interior of vehicle. Ideally ATF should be linear and independent of sound source, dependent only on size of air cavities, body structure and its material characteristics in between receiver and source location. But practically because of the type of excitation signal used to excite the sound source and characteristics of sound source itself, there is a possibility of variations in amplitude of acoustic transfer function.