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Dual injection fuel systems combine the knock and fuel economy benefits of gasoline direct injection (GDI) technology with the lower particulate emissions of port fuel injection (PFI) systems. For many years, this technology was limited to smaller-volume, high-end, vehicle models, but these technologies are now becoming main stream. The combination of two fuel injection systems has an impact on the combustion emission composition as well as the consistency of control strategy and emissions. Understanding the impact of these changes is essential for fuel and fuel additive companies, automotive companies, and aftertreatment developers. This paper describes the effects of dual injection technology on both regulated and non-regulated combustion emissions from a 2018 Toyota Camry during several cold-start, 4-bag United States Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle.

Low-Speed Pre-ignition (LSPI) is an undesirable abnormal combustion phenomenon observed in turbocharged, direct-injection spark-ignition engines and is characterized by early heat release, high cylinder pressures and severe, potentially damaging knock. LSPI has been studied for more than a decade and engine design, operating conditions and fuel and engine oil formulations have all been identified as contributing factors. A significant focus on engine oil has led to the establishment of the Sequence IX engine test and the second-generation of GM dexos® oil requirements, as well as a convergence of engine oil detergent causality. Conclusions about the effects of fuel on LSPI have been more varied, but as part of a recently completed research consortium, the LSPI tendency of market fuels with a range of properties, including composition, boiling point distribution, ethanol content and particulate matter index (PMI) were evaluated.