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Cycle-to-cycle flow variations significantly influence the combustion variations from one cycle to the next, particularly at low operating loads in small spark-ignition engines. Hence in the present work, cycle-to-cycle flow variations are analyzed at low throttle opening of 25% in a small spark-ignition engine using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Experiments are conducted in an optically accessible single-cylinder, port-fuel-injection engine (volume: 110 cm3) at 1200 rpm engine speed. Images are captured at different crank angle positions during both intake and compression strokes over a tumble measurement plane bisecting the intake and exhaust valves, and processed using cross-correlation method to obtain the instantaneous velocity fields considering 200 image pairs at each crank angle position considered.

Nowadays, due to stringent emission regulations, it is imperative to incorporate modeling efforts with experiments. This paper presents the development of a phenomenological model to investigate the effects of various in-cylinder strategies on combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail direct-injection (CRDI) diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder, supercharged engine with displacement volume of 0.55 l at different operating conditions with various combinations of injection pressure, number of injections involving single injection and multiple injections with two injection pulses, and EGR. Data obtained from experiments was also used for model validation. The model incorporated detailed phenomenological aspects of spray growth, air entrainment, droplet evaporation, wall impingement, ignition delay, premixed and mixing-controlled combustion rates, and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and diesel soot.