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Future automotive engines have to comply with upcoming emission legislations (EURO 6, CARB 2) raising the requirements on onboard diagnostic systems (OBD). Faulty conditions of the engine leading to higher emissions must be detected with rising accuracy. Additionally, car manufacturers have a strong interest in improving the reliability of fault diagnosis in their workshops in the sense of being able to find the smallest changeable part. The legislation requirements can be reached using the present methodology, as has been shown in first series applications. But advanced methods of model-based fault detection and isolation can help to accomplish with future requirements as well as to extend the present OBD systems, especially with the ability of detecting small faults and the ability of a root cause isolation.