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Geometric imperfections on brake rotor surface are well-known for causing periodic variations in brake torque during braking. This leads to brake judder, where vibrations are felt in the brake pedal, vehicle floor and/or steering wheel. Existing solutions to address judder often involve multiple phases of component design, extensive testing and improvement of manufacturing procedures, leading to the increase in development cost. To address this issue, active brake torque variation (BTV) compensation has been proposed for an electromechanical brake (EMB). The proposed compensator takes advantage of the EMB's powerful actuator, reasonably rigid transmission unit and high bandwidth tracking performance in achieving judder reduction.

In the literature, a wide range of Mean Value Engine Models are used in the simulation and control of reciprocating engines. These models are often underpinned by a number of implicit assumptions, which determine the model structure and system states. Systematic model reduction approaches have been developed to avoid these assumptions, where high order models are reduced using singular perturbation techniques, eliminating states operating on irrelevant time-scales. While this framework allows the elimination of states based on sufficiently small perturbation parameters, a systematic method of identifying non-dimensional perturbation parameters has not yet been proposed. The development of a rigorous method to identify non-dimensional time scales present in the model is a natural and powerful extension to the existing approach.