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Regulations in terms of pollutant emissions are becoming more and more constraining. The car manufacturers need to adopt a global optimisation approach of engine and exhaust after-treatment systems. An engine architecture definition coupled to an adapted control strategy seem to be an ideal way to address this issue. The problem is particularly complex, considering the trade off between the drivability which must be maintained, the reduction of the in-cylinder pollutant emissions, the reduction of the fuel consumption and the optimisation of the operating conditions to reach high conversion efficiencies via exhaust gas after-treatment systems. Sophisticated control strategies and models can only be developed with a complete understanding of the physical phenomena occurring in the combustion chamber, thanks to experimental measurements and engine system simulations.