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Dual-mode dual-fuel combustion is a promising combustion concept to achieve the required emissions and CO2 reductions imposed by the next standards. Nonetheless, the fuel formulation requirements are stricter than for the single-fuel combustion concepts as the combustion concept relies on the reactivity of two different fuels. This work investigates the effect of the low reactivity fuel sensitivity (S=RON-MON) and the octane number at different operating conditions representative of the different combustion regimes found during the dual-mode dual-fuel operation. For this purpose, experimental tests were performed using a PRF 95 with three different sensitivities (S0, S5 and S10) at operating conditions of 25% load/950 rpm, 50%/1800 rpm and 100%/2200 rpm. Moreover, air sweeps varying ±10% around a reference air mass were performed at 25%/1800 rpm and 50%/1800 rpm. Conventional diesel fuel was used as high reactivity fuel in all the cases.

Fleet electrification has been demonstrated as a feasible solution to decarbonize the heavy-duty transportation sector. The combination of hybridization and advanced combustion concepts may provide further advantages by also introducing reductions on criteria pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and soot. In this scenario, the interplay among the different energy paths must be understood and quantified to extract the full potential of the powertrain. One of the key devices in such powertrains is the battery, which involves different aspects regarding operation, safety, and degradation. Despite this complexity, most of the models still rely on resistance-capacity models to describe the battery operation. These models may lead to unpractical results since the current flow is governed by limiters rather than physical laws. Additionally, phenomena related with battery degradation, which decreases the nominal capacity and enhances the heat generation are also not considered in this approach.

Following global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant regulations, India will likely introduce within the next decade equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations for Diesel engines requiring simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and up to 90% reduction in NOx emission from current BS-VI levels. Consequently, automakers are likely to face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while maintaining performance and vehicle total cost of ownership (TCO), especially in the Indian market, which has experienced significant tightening of emission regulation during the past decade. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost effective approaches for improving existing diesel engines platforms for future regulations would be of high strategic importance for automakers.