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To aid Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) in meeting real-world driving regulation criteria across challenging boundary conditions of temperature, altitude and driving style throughout different territories, an integrated Road to Rig (R2R) whole vehicle development, calibration and verification programme known as RDE Plus (RDE+) has been developed by HORIBA. Connecting road, chassis dynamometer, Engine-in-the-Loop (EiL) and virtual testing methodologies, OEMs can frontload real-world driving scenarios further upstream during vehicle and engine development programmes to ensure compliance with localised regulations. Reported in this paper are the results from the replication of several road tests covering a multitude of altitudes and temperatures adopting an EiL methodology.

The effects of driving style, traffic density and altitude on engine performance and emissions across multiple Real Driving Emissions (RDE) cycles were investigated using an Engine-in-the-Loop (EiL) strategy combined with a virtual toolset comprised of a virtual route, vehicle and driver. This is part of HORIBA’s Road to Rig (R2R) RDE Plus (RDE+) programme for whole vehicle RDE compliance. An offline Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology was used to first parameterise a driver model to achieve a defined definition of driving style across the virtualised RDE route (itself created from an equivalent real RDE route) incorporating fixed traffic then for a fixed driving style with varying traffic density. By performing these scenario-based simulations in an offline format initially, complete compliance with RDE regulations for each of the scenarios being investigated could be achieved without the need for intensive testbed testing.