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Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has become one of the primary technologies to reduce internal combustion engine (ICE) emission. The installation angle of urea injector plays an important role during the SCR process. The urea injector is often vertically mounted to the exhaust pipe for on road heavy duty truck because of its good performance and general packaging convenience, and this type of installation has been the focus of previous research. However, due to certain packaging constraints or responsiveness considerations, the injector is installed with an inclined acute angle to the exhaust pipe under some circumstance.

The thermal behavior of the electric axle is an essential indicator which requires certain attention during the development process. Due to the complexity of heat generation mechanism and heat transfer boundary conditions, it is difficult to accurately predict the axle’s temperature, especially in real driving conditions. In this paper, a comprehensive 1D model is developed to simulate its heat transfer process effectively and accurately. The heat transfer model is developed based on the thermal network method, and the electric axle is divided into thermal mass according to its heat transfer characteristics. The heat generation model, which accounts for meshing loss, bearing loss, churning loss, and windage loss, exchanges heat flux and oil temperature information with the heat transfer model to take into account the effect of lubricating oil temperature on power loss.