Search Results

Powertrain systems exploiting information from vehicle connectivity have widened the system boundary resulting in additional degrees-of-freedom for predictive trajectory planning. Heuristic methods based on component characteristics are currently widely used for Energy Management (EM) functionality of hybridized powertrains. Despite their better usability, increased calibration effort and sensitivity to synthetic calibration scenarios are drawbacks of such control methods. Availability of predictive data, better computing power and challenges posed by various scenarios in real driving, have led to interest in online-optimizing EM functionality. Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) approaches based on Indirect optimal control /Pontryagin Minimum principle have difficulty in handling inequality state constraints. Extensions of ECMS make use of modifications to the equivalence factor/co-state, based on prediction of driving conditions.