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Suspension tuning is a very crucial part in development stage of two-wheeler as it addresses two major attributes: Rider comfort and Vehicle Road holding capability. Various analyses like pitch, bounce, unsprung masses behavior, etc. can be done through simulation models before getting on to test vehicles for objective and subjective feel and tuning. Tire being a series element with suspension, plays a crucial part in the tuning because of is radial stiffness. Also, the size of tire matters as it envelops a surface and transmits a modified road profile to the axle of wheel, e.g. a very small pothole almost fully gets absorbed by tire itself and therefore hardly any movement is observed at the wheel axle. In this paper, an extension on half-car model is done which captures the enveloping behavior of the tire over the road surface, as enveloping behavior leads to change in suspension stroke values from what we observe from standard half-car model.

To reduce the number of traffic accidents, most of the governments have mandated to include Combi Brake System (CBS) or Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) in two wheelers. While most of the homologation requirements for CBS can be fulfilled by straight line motion, CBS behavior is crucial while cornering for safety aspects. When vehicle is in cornering motion, the lateral forces generated at the tire decreases the effective longitudinal force available, which implies lesser braking force at tire. This paper represents a design methodology for tuning CBS for various critical scenarios mainly during cornering maneuver. A detailed study has been made at various combination of vehicle lean angle, vehicle speed and friction coefficient of road (μ) in straight line and cornering maneuver to effectively decide on front to rear brake force distribution to avoid either of the tires’ lock-up.

With the increase of electric vehicles and lack of standardization in charging infrastructure, the variance in the charger cable length, battery health, and battery capacity can result in unevenness in the charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which increases the charging time and can deteriorate the battery’s health. Enabling adaptive charging of LIBs can accelerate the commercial application of electric vehicles (EVs). Charging of LIBs is critical and can be optimized to curtail the effective charging time. In this paper, a multistage adaptive charging strategy is presented for LIB-based EV applications to boost the SOC of the battery system in the shortest time. In the proposed charging strategy, initially, multiple pre-charge CC stages are employed to bring the battery out of the deep discharge state and to simultaneously calculate the resistances of the harness (line resistance), and the battery.