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The researches indicate that rational design of membrane-type acoustic metamaterial (MAM) can make it have a high sound transmission loss (STL) at the anti-resonant frequency. Based on the principle of local resonance of acoustic metamaterials, this paper studied the coupling interactions between sound field and vibration modes, and designed four lightweight MAM structural units with different distributed harmonic oscillators, and then the anti-resonant behaviors of different units within the low frequency were gradually analyzed. The regulation mechanism of continuous polymorphic anti-resonance modes on broadening STL bandwidth was further revealed, and the STL characteristics have been verified within the low-frequency range by numerical simulation and experiments. The results show that the design of a single cross-shaped resonator can increase the diversity of anti-resonance modes and eliminate the node-circular-type resonance mode, then ensure the wider STL bandwidth.