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The subject of this paper is the reduction of the particle number emissions of a gasoline DI engine at high engine load (1.4 MPa IMEP). To reduce the particle number emissions, several parameters are investigated: the large scale charge motion (baseline configuration, tumble and swirl) can be varied at the single cylinder engine by using inlays in the intake port. The amount of residual gas can be influenced by the exhaust backpressure. By using a throttle valve, the exhaust backpressure can be set equal to the intake pressure and hence simulate a turbocharger's turbine in the exhaust system or the throttle valve can be wide open and thus simulate an engine using a supercharger. Additionally, higher fuel injection pressure can help to enhance mixture formation and thus decrease particulate formation. Therefore, a solenoid injector with a maximum pressure of 30 MPa is used in this work.

Different particulate filter systems with an electrical heating for starting the filter regeneration were designed and tested to evaluate the parameters important for a successful filter and heating device layout. These results led to a new filter system with an improved electrical heating module. Particular emphasis was put on a modular design which allows a separate optimization of the different system parts with regard to function, durability and costs. In this paper the different development steps are presented. Experimental results show the performance and limitations for electrically heated particulate traps. The analysis of the experiments was done on the one hand by using data such as temperatures, pressures and exhaust gas composition during the regeneration. On the other hand the assessment of the regeneration rate was done by weighing the filter and optically with non-destructive and partly destructive methods.

In this work the influence of various engine load changes with different engine speeds on the soot particle concentrations and properties was investigated because these operating modes are well known for short but high soot emissions. To derive specific information on emission behavior of particle matters tests were carried out with the Two-Color-Method and the so called RAYLIX technique in a four-cylinder CR-Diesel engine. The Two-Color-Method (2CM) gives crank angle resolved information about soot formation and oxidation processes inside the combustion chamber of a single cylinder. The RAYLIX technique is a combination of Rayleigh-scattering, Laser-Induced-Incandescence (LII) and extinction measurements which enable simultaneous measurements of temporally and spatially resolved soot concentration, mean primary particle radii and number densities in the exhaust gas manifold of the same cylinder investigated by the Two-Color-Method.

A particulate trap with combined regeneration has been developed for use in light duty vehicles with diesel engines. This new system was tested first on an engine test rig. On-road vehicle tests are going on since August 1998. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the feasibility of this system. With this system trap regeneration has to be ensured under worst case conditions (exhaust gas temperature<400° C). To meet this requirement electrical heating in combination with a fuel-borne catalyst is applied. Different filter materials such as cordierite wall flow and silicon carbide monoliths were tested on the engine test rig. The paper reports on results from the engine test rig as well as from on-road vehicle testing. An overview about pre-heating and regeneration examples are given and energy balances are presented.