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Due to increasing interest in air quality concerns, worldwide legislation towards lower particle emissions is getting more and more stringent. Because of this, the development towards even cleaner internal combustion engines (ICE) with Spark Ignition (SI) is of upmost importance. Along with the development targeting higher efficiency and specific power output, Direct Injection (DI) technology became more and more important than Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and is one of the main SI engine development fields. SI engine mixture preparation (PFI or DI) and combustion produce much lower particle raw emissions than Diesel engines, but these emissions also have to be reduced to fulfill worldwide legislation and customer expectations. In this paper the focus lies on the analysis and development methods used to drastically reduce particle emissions in a gasoline-fueled DI SI engine.

Regulations around the globe are driving the adoption of alternative fuels and vehicles through the implementation of stricter standards aimed at reducing carbon footprint and criteria emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions. Low emission zones have been implemented across Europe which restrict access by some vehicles with the aim of improving the air quality. The Paris Agreement on climate change declared governments’ intentions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as outlined in each country’s nationally determined contribution. Providing affordable energy to support prosperity while reducing environmental impacts, including the risks of climate change, is the dual challenge for the energy and transport industries.