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Newly developed, low volatility zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) technology significantly reduces the amounts of volatile phosphorus (P) species while retaining their antiwear protective behavior and antioxidant performances. In the past researchers gathered a variety of engine data supporting the hypothesis that P volatility can have a significant impact on catalytic converter efficiency, but corresponding field performance results were limited. A recent field trial was conducted with New York City taxi cabs that provided extended sets of engine and drain performance parameters data. This trial compared side-by-side performance of oils formulated with conventional and low volatility ZDDPs. Following completion of the test, the extensive engine inspections and used oil analysis revealed excellent antiwear control and oxidation inhibition with both types of ZDDP technologies.

Four 1998 Mitsubishi Carismas, two equipped with direct injection (GDI) and two with port fuel injection engines (PFI) were tested in a designed experiment to determine the effect of mileage accumulation cycle, engine type, fuel and lubricant type on engine wear and engine oil performance parameters. Fuel types were represented by an unadditised base fuel meeting EEC year 2000 specifications and the same base fuel plus synthetic deposit control additive packages. Crankcase oils were represented by two types (1) a 5W-30 API SJ/ILSAC GF-2 type engine oil and (2) a 10W-40 API SH/CF ACEA A3/ B3-96 engine oil. The program showed that specific selection of oil additive chemistry may reduce formation of intake valve deposits in GDI cars.. In general, G-DI engines produced more soot and more pentane insolubles and were found to be more prone to what appears to be soot induced wear than PFI engines.