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Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines correspond to 99.7% of the global fleet. Unfortunately, most of them runs with fossil fuels and contribute with over than 70% of CO and 20% of CO2 emitted to atmosphere. Global climate change has become a major issue and stringent legislation has been forcing the scientific community to seek a feasible solution for this issue. Renewable fuels, hybrid and electric vehicles have been pointed out as the answer for harmful greenhouse gases emissions. This paper demystifies the wrong belief that ICE will be totally replaced by electric vehicles in short and medium time. The zero emission vehicle (ZEV) terminology applied to EV must abolished since it is not true, as 65% of global electricity is generated from non-renewable sources. Despite of being more efficient, hybrid vehicles are still economically unfeasible.

The transportation sector is responsible for 24% of CO2 global emissions and great effort has been made by the scientific community to replace the use of fossil fuels with renewables. Brazil has committed to implement all obligations provided in COP26 seeking carbon neutrality in the set of economic activities. In this regard, Brazil has agreed in reducing GHG by 50% until 2030. Flexfuel technology was introduced in the Brazilian market decreasing fuel conversion efficiency due to the use of an intermediary compression ratio value, lower in comparison with the best value for engines exclusively fueled with ethanol and higher for gasoline. According to data published by INMETRO, flexfuel engine consumption has increased around 6%. Many European countries have been pointing to the electrification of the light vehicle as a solution to mitigate GHG, which is neither best nor a feasible solution for the future of Brazilian mobility.

In 2020, 3.6 million of heavy-duty vehicles operate in Brazil transporting 1,548 billion TKU goods and 2,372 million passengers every year. 45.1 billion of liters of Diesel are consumed per year emitting 185.3 million tons of CO2 to atmosphere. Transportation is one of largest sectors of society in CO2 emissions, being responsible of 8.6% of GHG. In Brazil, heavy vehicles predominantly are powered by fossil fuels. Huge efforts have been displayed by the scientific community to mitigate GHG emissions. Brazil has signed the term of COP 26 establishing a goal to reduce GHG emissions in 50% until 2030. Heavy duty vehicles are responsible of emitting 49.9% of CO2 of the transportation sector. The emissions standards of Brazilian legislations have decreased the limits of NOx, PM, CO in 75, 94 and 63% since 2000 were PROCONVE P2 have stabilized the first emissions limits for heavy-duty vehicles.

In the actual context, Researchers are making efforts for becoming mobility more sustainable. Whithin it context, the strategy of direct injection of renewable ethanol fuel in spark ignition engines is an interesting alternative for substitution of fossil fuels. In Brazil, the majory part of ethanol fuel production is provenient of sugar cane that has the potential to absorb great quantity of carbon dioxide through the photosynthesis process. The focus of this study was to create a very low computational cost methodology for evaluating the shape of sprays produced by an inwardly opening pressure-swirl injector. The referred injector is to be used in four stroke spark ignition engines for delivering fuel directly inside the combustion chamber. The spray geometry was then predicted by numerical calculations of single droplets trajectories in a purely lagrangian approach. The working fluid injected considered was EXXSOL D60.