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With the introduction of increasingly more stringent emission standards, Engine Management Systems (EMS), including port fuel injection, are now being introduced in the 4-stroke motorcycle marketplace. These systems have been generally derived from the automotive industry, albeit with some significant changes to satisfy the strict cost and packaging constraints of the motorcycle applications. Direct injection (DI) is positioned to become one of the next generation of technologies for the automotive engine, offering the potential for improved fuel economy, performance and emissions control. Direct injection can also provide similar benefits for motorcycle applications. However, direct transfer of the current production automotive systems is unlikely to suit the requirements of motorcycle applications, due to some of the specific challenges faced in the motorcycle market.

There is a growing requirement for lightweight high performance engines capable of operation with heavy fuels such as JP5 (F44), JP8 (F34) and diesel fuels as well as maintaining the capability of running on unleaded gasoline. Traditionally heavy fuels are associated with operation in compression ignition engines which exhibit poor power to weight characteristics. Today's engine applications call for much greater mobility and flexibility in use, especially in applications such as outboard engines, motorcycles, All Terrain Vehicles, Light Aircraft and portable generator sets. Compression ignition engines with their poor power to weight and vibration characteristics are less likely to succeed in these applications. These requirements are more likely to be met by the development of a spark ignition engine capable of operating on these heavy fuels.