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With the introduction of increasingly more stringent emission standards, Engine Management Systems (EMS), including port fuel injection, are now being introduced in the 4-stroke motorcycle marketplace. These systems have been generally derived from the automotive industry, albeit with some significant changes to satisfy the strict cost and packaging constraints of the motorcycle applications. Direct injection (DI) is positioned to become one of the next generation of technologies for the automotive engine, offering the potential for improved fuel economy, performance and emissions control. Direct injection can also provide similar benefits for motorcycle applications. However, direct transfer of the current production automotive systems is unlikely to suit the requirements of motorcycle applications, due to some of the specific challenges faced in the motorcycle market.