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The paper describes a 1D-3D modeling technique for the simulation of the fuel injection systems. The technique is based on the one-dimensional modeling of the fuel flow and the mechanical motion of the injection system with the AVL software HYDSIM (from e.g. the fuel rail up to the nozzle chamber) and three-dimensional modeling of the nozzle flow with AVL-FIRE (from the needle seat through the spray holes up to the combustion chamber). The nozzle mesh, including the nozzle sac region with spray holes and (optionally) the lower part of the nozzle chamber, is created with the FIRE Preprocessor. The interface between the 1D and the 3D simulation regions can be freely chosen within the nozzle chamber at any position between the needle seat and guide.

The need to improve the engine performance and fuel consumption subject to ever more stringent emission standard spar the interest in the aspects of understanding and quantifying the thermal behavior of engine components and systems. Considering these points during the design of the vehicle thermal management system based on test would consume far too many resources. Fortunately, the simulation tools have become more prominent in the pre-prototype phase of the vehicle development process and they had reached a mature stage; where they can contribute successfully to a significant extend to meet the vehicle development targets. In this work, a methodology to model the Vehicle Thermal Management System (VTMS) in order to understand and quantify its behavior has been developed. The partial systems under consideration are: the gas circuit, the cooling circuit, the lubrication circuit and the thermal capacitance of the engine structure under the vehicle driving conditions.