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Although alternative NOx control schemes, such as catalysis, are promising means of reducing emissions from Diesel engines, many such methods have yet to be developed into reliable and cost-effective solutions. Consequently, NOx reduction through in-cylinder techniques remains the most widely used approach in meeting current and future emissions standards. One such common technique is the use of an inert diluent, such as water/steam or exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), introduced into the combustion chamber to reduce the peak flame temperatures associated with NO formation. Here the role of water/steam in reducing NOx emissions is analyzed in depth. In particular, two methods of water injection are studied: stratified fuel-water-fuel injection and intake manifold fumigation. In each case, the NOx emissions are modeled using a two-zone characteristic time model (CTM) based on the dominant physical and chemical subprocesses occurring in the cylinder.