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Vibration and noise generated by the mesh of gears rotating under load are complex phenomena that are difficult to analyze. Recent advances in digital signal processing make it possible to use measured vibration signals on gear bearings to construct the time history of the excitation of the gear mesh. Also, recent advances in numerical models of gears make it possible to predict the load distribution on the teeth in the mesh, and the associated vibration excitation. Combining these two techniques provides useful input to the design of quiet gears, and the monitoring of gear vibrations to detect failures.