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The study presented in this two part paper was focused on the influence of primary mixture formation on engine running behavior covering the areas combustion and raw emissions. Two different concepts for primary fuel atomization were utilized and compared, the standard production injector and a flash boiling injector. The spray generated by the flash boiling injector was characterized by a significant reduction in droplet size and a partial direct vaporization during the injection process by preheating the fuel inside the injector. In this study special emphasis was put on the transient process of engine start between typical cooling water temperatures of -7°C and 85°C. Various measurements and visualization techniques were applied to investigate the mixture preparation, the deposition of liquid fuel on the walls, the start of combustion, and in-cylinder and engine-out UHC emissions.

The intention of the study presented in this two part paper is to investigate the influence oalf primary mixture formation on engine running behavior, covering the areas of combustion and raw emissions. Two different concepts for primary fuel atomization were utilized and compared, the standard production injector and a flash boiling injector. The flash boiling injector is characterized by a significant reduction in droplet size and a partial direct vaporization during the injection process by preheating the fuel inside the injector. In this study special emphasis was laid on the transient process of engine start between typical cooling water temperatures of -7°C and 85°C. Various measurements and visualization techniques had been applied to investigate mixture preparation, deposition of liquid fuel on the walls, start of combustion, and in-cylinder as well as engine-out UHC emissions.

The focus of this work was to determine the influence of spray targeting on temperature distributions, combustion progress and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions at cold operating conditions, and to show the capability of model and full engine tests adapted for different measurement techniques. A comprehensive study applying endoscopic visualization, infrared thermography, combustion and emission measurements was carried out in a 4-stroke 4-cylinder 16-valve production engine with intake port injection during different engine operating conditions including injection angle and timing. In addition 2D visualization and PIV measurements were performed in a back-to-back model test section with good optical access to the intake manifold and the combustion chamber. The measurements in both set ups were in good agreement and show that model tests could lead to useful findings for a real engine.