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The introduction of the high-pressure fully electronic-controlled injection systems has opened a number of new possibilities to optimize diesel engine performance and to reduce pollutant emissions. However greater research efforts are required to meet future European emission legislation. The control of the combustion process, which determines to a large extent the amount of pollutant emissions, requires primarily an understanding of its physics and chemistry as well as the capability to modify one or more of the interdependent process parameters in a given direction. Since many parameters have to be considered, a combined experimental-numerical approach is required.