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Evolving emissions and fuel efficiency legislation has driven the development of ultra-lean burn engine concepts that combine high efficiency with low criteria emissions, including nitrogen oxides (NOx). Traditional spark ignition (SI) systems have limitations in terms of available ignition energy and its distribution. Turbulent Jet Ignition (TJI) is a pre-chamber-based combustion system that enables ultra-lean operation through high energy jets acting as a distributed ignition source. Combustion is initiated in the pre-chamber (with or without auxiliary fuel injection) using a spark plug. The resulting flame is quenched in the pre-chamber nozzle thereby generating chemically active turbulent jets which penetrate and reignite in the main-chamber at multiple points after a time delay.