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CAN bus network proved to be efficient and dynamic for small compact cars as well as heavy-duty vehicles (HDV). However, HDVs are more susceptible to malicious attacks due to lack of security in their intra-vehicle communication protocols. SAE proposed a new standard named J1939-91C for CAN-FD networks which provides methods for establishing trust and securing mutual messages with optional encryption. J1939-91C ensures message authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality by implementing complex cryptographic operations including hash functions and random key generation. In this paper, the three main phases of J1939-91C, i.e., Network Formation, Rekeying, and Message Exchange, are simulated and tested on Electronic Control Units (ECUs) supporting CAN-FD network. Numerous test vectors were generated and validated to support SAE J1939-91C. The mentioned vectors were produced by simulating different encryption and hashing algorithms with variable message and key lengths.

Connectivity is becoming increasingly prevalent in the automotive industry, and with that comes a growing awareness among consumers and regulators of the potential risks. Present-day automobiles are becoming smart and more software-driven. Conversely, every line of code equals a possible threat to the vehicle, the passenger, or the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). To hit the brakes on the alarming increase in cyber threats, government bodies have introduced standards and regulations globally. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) WP.29 R155 & R156 regulations and International Organization for Standardization/Society of Automotive Engineers (ISO/SAE) 21434 standards are becoming mandatory for all OEMs and are designed to ensure that vehicle functionalities work as intended and are built to mitigate safety risks.