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The growing need for solenoid actuators capable to provide both high traction force and fast response is reviewed. A new concept of a fast response multipole solenoid is described, and a discussion of factors leading to faster solenoid response is given, An improved schedule of energy input into the solenoid coil is suggested, and an analysis of the dynamics of the armature motion and its correlation with changing electric and magnetic parameters during the solenoid activation period is performed.

A typical pattern of vehicle driving includes a series of frequent accelerations and decelerations. Fuel energy spent to accelerate the vehicle is later wasted during deceleration, when kinetic energy is converted into heat in friction brakes. New thermodynamic cycles have been conceived for automobile engines to capture the energy of braking in the form of compressed air, and reuse this energy during acceleration at a later time. They are applicable to all types of automotive engines. Each four-stroke cycle includes two power strokes, one with compressed air and a second one with combustion gas. It is also possible to switch the engine operation from a four-stroke to a two-stroke cycle during acceleration, which allows a reduction in engine displacement.