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Water-emulsified diesel fuel technology has been proven to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) simultaneously at relatively low cost compared to other pollution-reducing strategies. While the mechanisms which result in these reductions have been postulated, the development of new analytical tools to measure in-cylinder soot formation using optically accessible engines can lead to a deeper understanding of combustion and the chemical and physical mechanisms when water is present during combustion. In this study, an optically accessible single cylinder engine was used to study how water brought into the combustion chamber via an emulsified fuel changes the combustion process and thereby reduces emissions. In-cylinder measurements of relative soot concentrations were used to determine the effect of water-emulsified fuel on soot formation.

Carbon deposits in air compressors can build up and restrict the air delivery to vehicle brake systems. Field experience has shown that carbon deposits are excessive in some high stress applications. A study was conducted to understand the variables that affect carbon deposits, with the intent of identifying application changes that mitigate excessive build up. Oil passing in air compressors is a normal byproduct of the piston, ring and bore lubrication process. The oil in the discharge air is oxidized to form carbon deposits if there is sufficient heat. For the purposes of this study, the compressor is modeled as a chemical reactor. The formation of carbon can be minimized by diminishing both oil passing and discharge air temperature, which contribute to oxidation and deposits. Lab data demonstrates that inlet pressure and rotational speed have the largest impact on carbon, while inlet air humidity, oil composition, and coolant flow (above zero) have minimal impact.