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Force and moment characteristics of pneumatic tyres play a vital role in the effective and efficient vehicle handling behaviour. Prediction of these transient characteristics during vehicle cornering behaviour using finite element techniques is a complex dynamic problem involving geometrical non-linearity, material non-linearity and boundary non-linearity. In addition, tyre materials are incompressible and are embedded with reinforcements, making them composite in nature. In the present study, three finite element techniques viz., Implicit Lagrangian Method, Implicit Mixed Lagrangian Eulerian Method and Explicit Lagrangian Method are used to simulate the dynamic cornering behaviour of a passenger car radial tyre. ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit, popular general-purpose non-linear finite element codes, are used to simulate the cornering response at various loading and operating conditions.

This paper deals with simulation studies on surface densification of PM gears by rolling process using finite element method. The PM gear is considered as a porous continuum and analysis is performed using constitutive relations based on Gurson model for porous materials. The influence of various parameters such as initial position of mating gears, braking torque applied, friction between mating surfaces and roll stock allowance on the process have been studied. The density obtained by the process is highly influenced by the braking torque applied. The results presented provide a better understanding of the PM gear rolling process.