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One main feature of the power demand profile is it varies time to time and its price changes accordingly. During the peak the less cost-effective and flexible power supplies must complement the base-load power plants in order to supply the power demand. Conversely, during the off-peak period when less electricity is consumed, those costly power plants can be stopped. This is a scenario which Energy Storage System (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) generation plants could add flexibility and cost reduction to the customers and utilities. These aspects are only achieved due to the ESS, which enables the optimal use of energy produced by the photovoltaic modules through load management and discharge of the battery in the most convenient times.

Nowadays, the need to use alternative and renewable energy sources has become a frequent agenda in the technological development of various segments. This includes the automotive sector, which has presented an exponential increase in the production and demand for electric vehicles in the last few years. Hybrid electric vehicles can be considered as an intermediate step for the transition from internal combustion vehicles to 100% electric vehicles once they use both electric and combustion engines. One of the biggest challenges currently observed in vehicle electrification relies on the energy storage system composed of batteries. The lithium-ion technology is the most used due to its efficiency, safety, and useful life.