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The paper will review existing seals used in off-highway heavy equipment, both radial lip seal applications and face type seal applications in general use on track vehicles. With the trend towards improved reliability and durability, together with the never ending quest for quality and product improvements, the paper will discuss a number of seal development programs which will result in products that meet the new and projected future requirements for seals from the off-highway heavy equipment manufacturers.

AEA Technology is carrying out an ongoing programme of lightning simulation testing work on carbon composite ‘T-joints’. These typically represent skin to spar bolted interfaces, and the tests help to determine whether aircraft fuel tanks incorporating such structures are liable to produce sparks during a lightning attachment. For testing, the T-joints are integrated into a complex test rig that is intended to provide representative current flow during the simulation tests. The intention is that the current distribution in the T-joint should be similar to the current distribution on the equivalent part of the aircraft structure during a lightning attachment. A combined experimental testing and computational modelling work programme has been carried out in order to investigate how representative the test-rig current distribution is to that on a real aircraft. In the first part of this study the test rig itself is modelled using the 3D code ELECTRA.