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In addition to designing fighter engines for stall-free idle to maximum power operation and stall recoverability, it is important to give proper emphasis to sub-idle operation for successful starting. This permits the pilot to confidently bring the engine on-line following an inadvertent flameout caused by either the airplane departing the flight envelope or by a fuel interrupt due to a malfunction. Thus reliable and fast airstart capability enhances flight safety especially of single engine airplanes. Flight testing, therefore, is substantially devoted to airstart evaluation. The paper first explains the influence of engine design features on airstarting, particularly the advantages of the low bypass ratio cycle F100-PW-229 (PW229) engine, which is an increased thrust derivative (IPE) of the highly successful F100-PW-220 engine. Enhancing airstarting capability of the PW229 using variable geometry features and digital control flexibility is discussed.

The intent of a balanced engine design process is to satisfy all systems requirements including operability, performance and durability. Due to the complexity of the trade-off process of the various metrics it is possible that system improvements may be required after a turbofan engine enters production. Also, in the case of derivative engines, configured for increased performance, the flowpath aerodynamics may be challenged and may have to be examined to ensure there is no flow field anomaly. By incorporating special diagnostic aero instrumentation at the earliest opportunity any required operability improvement can be identified and corrective action taken. The paper first delineates the component matching challenges of twin spool mixed flow turbofan engines. Then it discusses investigation of various potential destabilizing influences.

The key commercial aircraft propulsion requirements toward ensuring flight safety, operational efficiency, reduced CO2 footprint, and community acceptability include high installed thrust, low specific fuel consumption, and reduced noise. The objective of this paper is to highlight the various ways turbofan performance can be enhanced. First the advantage of high bypass ratio (BPR) configurations will be explained with the help of clean sheet cycle designs with the corresponding off-design performance. The achievement of hot day performance and improved durability with high BPR designs, and the benefit from core supercharging has been presented. Next, the use of on-line control effector modulations, including variable bypass exhaust nozzle, for further improvement in cruise SFC (up to an indicated 2.6%) is shown. This is followed by a discussion of medium BPR mixed exhaust designs which have a performance advantage compared to the same BPR separate exhaust configurations.