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As battery temperature greatly affects performance, safety, and life of Li-ion batteries in plug-in and electric vehicles under various driving conditions, automakers and battery suppliers are paying increased attention to thermal management for Li-ion batteries in order to reduce the high temperature excursions that could decrease the life and reduce safety of Li-Ion batteries. Currently, the lack of fundamental understanding of the heat generation mechanism due to complex electrochemical phenomena prohibits accurate estimation of the heat generation within Li-ion cells under various operating conditions. Heat from Li-ion batteries can be generated from resistive dissipation, the entropy of the cell reaction, heat of mixing, and other side chemical reactions. Each of these can be a significant source of heat under a range of circumstances.