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For occupant protection in vehicle crash, several kinds of ATDs (Anthropomorphic Test Devices) and associated injury criteria have been used to evaluate the performance of a vehicle body, restraint systems and other safety devices. Because of the lack of sufficiently validated injury criteria for the lumbar spine, it has been a concern that the effectiveness of some safety features for injury reduction based on the dummy and associated injury criteria may not be reasonably assessed. Therefore, in this study, a human FE model capable of evaluating lumbar spine skeletal injuries was developed. Considering an increasing percentage of the traffic accidents relating to elderly people due to extending span of human life and decreasing birthrate, not only an adult model but also a model that represents lowered tolerance of the elderly was developed. From traffic accident statistics, 35 and 75 years old (y.o.) were defined as the representative ages of adult and elderly populations.

Accident statistics show that the thorax is one of the most frequently injured body regions in drivers who sustain severe injuries in frontal car crashes. Thoracic injuries are more significant for the elderly than for adults. However, there are no injury assessment tools accounting for differences in anatomical features and material properties between adults and the elderly. The current study developed adult and elderly FE thorax models for investigating thoracic injury mechanisms for each generation. The ages represented by these models were defined as 35 and 75 years old (y.o.), respectively, based on the age distribution from accident statistics. The FE meshes representing the external shapes of the thoracic skeleton were first created based on the thorax CT images of the individuals with approximately average body sizes of males in their 30’s and 70’s.

It has been difficult to evaluate injuries to the elderly whose body tolerance is lowered due to aging. The objective of this study was to develop human FE models for evaluating skeletal injuries to the lower limb and pelvis of both adult and elderly people. From traffic accident statistics, 35 and 75 years old (y.o.) were defined as the representative ages of adult and elderly population. An existing human FE model for an adult male pedestrian was adopted for the baseline. Femur models were developed first, because there existed most sufficient data of material properties and geometry for the femur. Age-related changes in material properties and geometries of bone were investigated by literature survey, from which average values of Young’s modulus, yield stress/strain and ultimate stress/strain, section areas and cortical bone thicknesses for 35 and 75 y.o. were determined.