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This paper constructed a parallel type hybrid-electric bus model based on GM-Allison system which is consisted of three planetary gear-sets and two motors. The simulation model is modified from the backward-looking simulation of ADVISOR. The hybrid-electric bus (HEB) is simulated to compare with a conventional diesel bus. Four different driving cycles are employed: Taipei City Bus Cycle, New York Bus Cycle, Manhattan Cycle, and Central Business District Cycle. Three different control strategies, namely speed control, torque control, and power control are studied. The simulation results show that the GM-Allison hybrid-electric bus with good control strategy can improve fuel economy by 66% compared to a conventional diesel bus. As for exhaust emissions, CO, HC, NOx and PM are reduced by 83%, 59%, 66% and 62%, respectively.

A Hybrid Electric Motorcycle (HEM) with a direct-driven wheel motor is proposed in this paper. The rear wheel is driven by an internal combustion engine and a powertrain system of a traditional motorcycle with minor modifications. The front wheel is driven by a direct-driven wheel motor. The proposed HEM is a parallel configuration. Both wheels can supply tractive forces simultaneously to drive the motorcycle when necessary. A rule-based structure is used to design the power split controller of the proposed HEM. Fuel economy of the proposed design will be evaluated by a dynamic simulation model in Matlab/Simulink using ECE-R40 driving cycle.

Engine control units manage various conditions in an operating engine, including fuel injection, spark ignition and valve timing, in order to achieve the goals of high performance, high fuel efficiency and low emissions. Typically, engine models are necessary for developing engine control systems. Most mean value engine models (MVEM) are based on empirical volumetric efficiency, which contributes to calculating intake air flow rate. Therefore, they are not capable of simulating changes in valve lift and valve timing, and cannot be used for a variable valve train (VVT) engine. A method of calculating intake air flow rate with variable valve lift and valve timing is needed to adapt to the demands on VVT engine models. An engine model is proposed that focuses on a charging model, developed by using a filling-and-emptying model to simulate the air exchange in an engine, including intake- and exhaust-air flows.